Uttarakhand sits at the centre of India's clean energy aspirations and its most difficult energy-versus-ecology trade-offs. The state's numerous fast-flowing rivers offer hydroelectric potential estimated at over 20,000 MW. Major projects include the Tehri Dam (1,000 MW), Maneri-Bhali stages on the Bhagirathi, and the Vishnuprayag and Dhauliganga projects. However, this development has come at enormous ecological and social cost — communities displaced, forests submerged, river ecologies disrupted. The 2013 floods were partly attributed to the cumulative impact of dam construction. Courts have intervened to require minimum environmental flows.

•           Uttarakhand has an estimated hydroelectric potential of over 20,000 MW — among the highest in India.

•           The state is a critical contributor to India's clean energy generation goals.

•           The Tehri Dam (1,000 MW) is India's tallest dam and one of its most powerful hydroelectric projects.

•           The Maneri-Bhali projects on the Bhagirathi are among the state's other major hydroelectric installations.

•           The National Hydro Power Corporation (NHPC) and private companies operate projects across thestate.

•           Hydroelectric development has been deeply controversial due to displacement, deforestation, and riverecology damage.

•           The 2013 floods were partly attributed to the disruption of river systems by dams and constructionactivities.

•           The Supreme Court and National Green Tribunal have intervened in several controversial hydroprojects.

•           The Alaknanda and Bhagirathi rivers have been declared ecologically sensitive with restrictions on damconstruction.

•           Balancing clean energy needs with ecological conservation remains Uttarakhand's central developmentchallenge.

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